Answers must be written in Malayalam.

Section-A

Unit 1-Early phase of Malayalam Language:
1.1 Various theories: origin from proto Dravidian, Tamil, Sanskrit.
1.2 Relation between Tamil and Malyalam: Six nayas of A.R. Rajarajavarma.
1.3 Pattu school-definition, Ramacharitam, later pattu works-Niranam works and Krishnagatha.

Unit 2-Linguistic features of :
2.1 Manipravalam-definition. Language of early manipravala works-Champu, Sandesakavya, Chandrotsava, minor works. Later Manipravala works-medieval Champu and Attakkatha.
2.2 Folklore-Southern and Northern ballads, Mappila songs.
2.3 Early Malayalam prose-Bhashakautaliyam, Brahmandapuranam, Attaprakaram, Kramadipika and Nambiantamil.

Unit 3-Satandardisation of Malayalam
3.1 Peculairities of the language of Pana, Kilippattu and Tullai.
3.2 Contributions of indigenous and European missionaries to Malayalam.
3.3 Characteristics of contemporary Malayalam : Malayalam as administravie language. Language of scientific and technical literature-media language.

Unit-4 Ancient and Medieval Literature:
4.1 Pattu-Ramacharitam, Niranam works and Krishnagatha.
4.2 Manipravalam-early and medieval manipravala works including attakkatha and champu.
4.3 Folk literature.
4.4 Kilippattu, Tullal and Mahakavya.

Unit 5- Modern Literature-Poerty
5.1 Venmani poets and contemporaries.
5.2 The advent of Romanticism-Poerty of Kavitraya i.e., Asan, Ulloor and Vallathol
5.3 Poetry after Kavitraya.
5.4 Modernism in Malayalam poetry.

Unit 6- Modern Literature-Prose
6.1 Drama
6.2 Novel
C.3 Short story
6.4 Biography, travelogue, essay and criticism.

Answers must be written in Malayalam.
This paper will requre first hand reading of the texts prescribed and is designed to test the candidates critical ability.

Section-A

Unit 1
1.1 Ramacharitam-Patalam 1.
1.2 Kannassaramayanam-Balakandam first 25 stanzas.
1.3 Unnunilisandesam-Purvabhagam 25 slokas including Prastavana
1.4 Mahabharatham Kilippattu-Bhishmaparvam.,

Unit 2
2.1 Kumaran Asan-Chintavisthayaya Sita.
2.2 Vailoppilli-Kutiyozhikkal.
2.3 G. Sankara Kurup-Perunthachan.
2.4 N.V. Krishna Variar-Tivandiyile Pattu.

Unit 3
3.1 ONV -Bhumi-kkoru Charamagitam
3.2 Ayyappa Panicker-Kurukshetram.
3.3 Akkittam-Pandathe Messanthi
3.4 Attur Ravivarma-Megharupan.

Unit 4
4.1 O. Chanthu Menon-Indulekha
4.2 Thakazhy-Chemmin.
4.3 O V Vijayan-Khasakkinte Ithihasam.

Unit 5
5.1 MT Vasudevan Nair-Vanaprastham (Collection).
5.2 N S Madhavan-Higvitta (Collection).
5.3 C J. Thomas-1128-il Crime 27.

Unit 6
6.1 Kuttikrishna Marar-Bharataparyatanam
6.2 M. K Sanu-Nakshatrangalute Snehabhajanam
6.3 V.T. Bhattathirippad-Kannirum Kinavum.

Answers must be written in Manipuri

Section A: Language:

(a) General characteristics of Manipuri Language and history of its development; its importance and status among the Tibeto-Burman Languages of North-East India; recent development in the study of Manipuri language; evolution and study of old Manipuri script.

(b) Significant features of Manipuri language: (i) Phonology: Phoneme-vowels, consonants juncture, tone, consonant cluster and its occurrence, syllable-its structure, pattern and types, (ii) Morphology: Word-class, root and its types; affix and its types; grammatical categories-gender, number, person, case, tense and aspects, process of compounding (samas and sandhi). (iii) Syntax: Word order: types of sentences, pharse and clause structures.

(a) Literary History of Manipuri:
Early period (upto 17th century): Social and cultural background; Themes, diction and style of the works.
Medieval period (18th and 19th century): Social, religious and political background; Themes, diction and style of the works. Modern period-Growth of major literary forms; change of Themes, diction and style.

(b) Manipuri Folk Literature:
Legend, Folktale, Folksong, Ballad, Proverb and Riddle.

(c) Aspects of Manipuri Culture:

Pre-Hindu Manipuri Faith; Advent of Hinduism and the process of syncreticism. Performing arts-Lai Haraoba, Maha Ras; Indegenous games-Sagol Kangjei, Khong Kangjei, Kang.

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Answers must be written in Marathi.

Section A - Language and Folklore

(a) Nature and Functions of Language (with reference to Marathi) Language as a signifying system: Langue and Parole; Basic functions; Poetic language; Standard Language and dialect; Language variations according to social parameters.

Linguistic features of Marathi in thirteen century and seventeenth century.

(b) Dialects of Marathi
Ahirani; Varhadi; Dangi

(c) Marathi Grammar
Parts of Speech; Case-system; Prayogvichar (Voice).

(d) Nature and kinds of Folklore (with special reference to Marathi)
Lok-Geet, Lok Katha, Lok Natya

Section B - History of Literature and Literary Criticism

(a) History of Marathi Literature
1. From beginning to 1818 A.D., with special reference to the following: The Mahanubhava writers, the Varkari poets, the Pandit poets, the Shahirs, Bakhar literature.

2. From 1850 to 1990, with special reference to developments in the following major forks: Poetry, Fiction (Novel and Short Story), Drama; and major literary currents and movements, Romantic, Realist, Modernist, Dalit Grammin, Feminist.

(b) Literary Criticism
1. Nature and function of Literature;

2. Evaluation of Literature;

3. Nature, Objectives and Methods of Criticism;

4. Literature, Culture and Society.

Answers must be written in Marathi. Textual study of prescribed literary works
The paper will require first-hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to test the candidates critical ability.

Section A: Prose

(1) Smntishala

(2) Mahatma Jotiba Phule
Shetkaryacha Asud; Sarvajanik Satyadharma

(3) S.V. Ketkar Brahmankanya

(4) P.K. Atre Sashtang Namaskar

(5) Sharchchandra Muktibodh Jana Hey Volatu Jethe

(6) Uddhav Shelke Shilan

(7) Baburao Bagul Jevha Mi Jaat Chorli Hoti

(8) Gouri Deshpande Ekek Paan Galavya

(9) P.I. Sonkamble Athavaninche Pakshi

(1) Namadevanchi Abhangawani Ed: Inamdar, Relekar, Mirajkar, Modern Book Depot, Pune.

(2) Painjan

Ed: M.N. Adwant

(3) Sahitya Prasar Kendra, Nagpur Damyanti-Sway am var

By Raghunath, Rmdit

(4) Balakvinchi Kavita by Balkavi

(5) Vishakha

By Kusumagraj

(6) Mridgandh by Vinda Karandikar

(7) 7ahirnama by Narayan Surve

(8) Sandhyakalchya Kavita by Grace

(9) Ya Sattet Jeev Ramat Nahi by Namdev Dhasal.

i Answers must be written in Nepali.

Section A

1. History of the origin and development of Nepali as one of the new Indo-Aryan Languages.

2. Fundamentals of Nepali Grammar and phonology

(i) Nominal forms and categories: Gender, Number, Case, Adjectives, Pronouns, Avyayas

(ii) Verbal Forms and categories: Tense, Aspects, Voice, Roots and Fixes,

(iii) Nepali Swara and Vyanjana

3. Major Dialects of Nepali.

4. Standardization and Modernization of Nepali with special reference to language movements (viz. Halanta Bahiskar, Jhoarrovad etc.)

5. Teaching of Nepali language in India - its history and development with special reference to its socio-culrural aspects.

1. History of Nepali literature with special reference to its development in India.

2. Fundamental concepts and theories of literature: Kavya/Sahitya, Kavya Prayojan, Literary genres, Shabda Shakti, Rasa, Alankara, Tragedy, Comedy, Aesthetics, Stylistics.

3. Major literary trends and movements - Swachchhandatavad, Yatharthavad, Astiwavad, Ayamik Movement, Contemporary Nepali writings, Postmodernism.

4. Nepali folklores (the following folk-form only) - Sawai, Jhyaure, Selo, Sangini, Lahari.

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Answers must be written in Oriya.

Section - A

History of Oriy Language

(i) Origin and development of Oriya Language - Influence of Austric, Dravidian, Perso-Arabic and English on Oriya Language.

(ii) Phonetics and Phonemics: Vowels, Consonants Principles of changes in Oriya sounds.

(iii) Morphology: Morphemes (free, bound compound and complex), derivational and inflectional affixes, case inflection, conjugation of verb.

(iv) Syntax: Kinds of sentences and their transformation, structure of sentences.

(v) Semarjtics - Different types of change in meaning Euphemism.

(vi) Common errors in spellings, grammatical uses and construction of sentences.

(vii) Regional variations in Oriya Language (Western, Southern and Northern Qriya) and Dialects (Bhatri and Desia).

History of Oriya Literature

(i) Historical backgrounds (social, cultural and political) of Oriya Literature of different periods.

(ii) Ancient epics, ornate kavyas and padavalis.

(iii) Typical structural forms of Oriya Literature (Koiii, Chautisa, Poi, Chaupadi, Champu).

(iv) Modern trends in poetry, drama, short story, novel, essay and literary criticism.

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(Pali Language)

N.B. All answers must be written in Pali language in Devanagari or Roman Script.

Section-A

1. Origin and Homeland of Pali and its characteristics.

2. Pali Grammar-(I) Technical Terms of Pali Grammar-Akkhara, Sara, VyarYjana, Niggahita, Nama, Sabbanama, Akhyata, Upasagga, Nipata, Abyaya,

(II) Karaka,

(III) Samasa;

(IV) Sandhi;

(V) Taddhita. (Apaccabodhaka-and Adhikarabo-dhaka-Paccaya);

(VI) Etymological derivation of the following words:

Buddho, Bhikkhu, Samanero, Sattha, Dhammo, Lataya, Purisanam, Tumhe, Amhebhi, Munina, Rattisu, Phalaya, Atthisu, Rannam, Sangho.

3. Translation of two Pali unseen passages into English.

4. Essays consisting of 300 words on any one of the following :

(a) Bhagava Buddho,

(b) Tilakkhanam,

(c) Ariyo atthangiko maggo,

(d) Cattari ariyasaccani,

(e) Kammavado

(f) Paticcasamuppado,

(g) Nibbanam paramam sukham,

(h) Tipitakam,

(i) Dhammapadam,

(j) Majjhima-Patipada.

5. Summary of Pali passages.

6. Fxplanation of Pali verses in Pali.

7. Tne meaning of following indeclinables (Abyaya and Nipata) and their jse in candidates own Pali sentences :

(I) Atha,

(II) Antara,

(III) Addha,

(IV) Kada,

(V) Kittavata,

(VI) Ahorattam,

(VII) Diva,

(VIII) Yatha,

(IX) Ce,

(X) Seyyathidam,

(XI) Vina,

(XII) Kudacannam,

(XIII) Saddhim,

(XIV) Antarena,

(XV) Kho,

(XVI) Ma,

(XVII) Evam,

(XVIII) Ettha,

(XIX) Kira,

(XX) Pana.

(Pali Literature)

There will be two compulsory questions which must be answered in Pali Language in Devanagari or Roman Script. The remaining questions must be attempted either in Pali or in the medium of exam, opted by the candidate.

Section-A

(i) Life and teachings of Buddha from the Pali sources,

(ii) History of Pali Literature-Canonical and Non-Canonical with reference to the following books and authors:

Mahavagga, Cullavagga, Patimokkha, Digha-Nikaya, Dhammapada, Jataka, Theragatha, Therigatha. Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, Dathavamsa, Sasanavamsa, Milindapanha, Petakopadesa, Nettippa-karana, Buddhadatta, Buddhaghosa and Dhammapala.

1. Textual questions, critical comments and annotated translations would be asked from the following prescribed texts :-

(i) Digha-Nikaya (Only the Samannaphala-Sutta)

(ii) Sutta-nipata (Only the Khaggavisana-Sutta and Dhaniya-Sutta)

(iii) Dhammapada (Only the first five Vagga-s)

(iv) Milindapanha (Only the Lakkhana-panha)

(v) Mahavamsa (Only the Tatiya-Sangiti)

(vi) Abhidhammattha-sangaha (First, Second and Sixth Chapters)

(vii) Pali Prosody: Vuttodaya-Anutthubha, Indavajira, Upendavajira, Vasantatilaka, Malini, Sikharini, Upajati, totaka, Dodhaka, Vamsattha.

(viii) Pali Rhetoric : Subodhalankara -Yamaka, Anuppasa, Rupaka, Upama, Attsayutti, Vyatireka, Nidassana, Atthanta-ranyasa. Dipaka, Ditthanta.

2. Short Notes on Buddhist concepts dealt within the prescribed texts.

3. Explanation of Pali Verses from the prescribed texts.

There will be two questions which must be answered in Persian. The remaining questions must be answered either in Persian or in the medium of examination opted by the candidate,

1 (a) Description of the origin and development of Persian Language. (Compulsory to be answered in Persian).

(b) Applied Grammar, Rhetorics, Prosody, Idioms and Phrases frequently used.

(i) Grammar: Ism and its kinds, Zamir-e-Murtasil and Munfasil, Murakkabi-Tausifi, Murakkab-i-Izafi, Ismi-Ishara, MusharunEIaih, Fel and its kinds, Tenses, Gardan, Singular and Plural, Jumleh and its kinds.

(ii) Rhetorics: Tajnees, Ishteqaq, -Luzum-ma-la-yalzum, Seyaqata! Aadad, Qalb, Tarsee, Esteaara, Maratun Nazir, Laff-o-Nashr, lham, Husn-i-TaalilrTajahuli-Aarefaneh, Talmih, Tansiqus, Siffat.

(iii) Prosody: Bahri-Muzara, Ramal, Mutaqarib, Tawil, Hazaj, Kamil

1. Short essay in Persian-250 words (to be answered in Persian).

2. History of Persian Literature in Iran and India; Literary criticism and styles; trends in classical and modern literature; socio-cultural influences, development of modern literary genres including drama, novel, short story.

There will be two compulsory questions-one each in textual portions of prose and poetry which are to be answered in Persian. The remaining questions are to be answered either in Persian or in the medium of examination opted by the candidate.

This paper will require first hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to test the candidates critical ability.

Section A

Prose

1. Nizami Aroozi Samarqandi: Chahar Maqala: (i) Dabiri (ii) Shaairi

2. Qabus b, Washmgir: Qabus Nama:
(i) Dar Shinakhtan-e-Haqq-e-Pidar-wa-Madar

(ii) Dar Bishi Justan Az Sukhandani

(iii) Dar Talib Ilmi Wa Faqih Wa Fuqaha

3. Sadi Shirazi: Gulistan: Dar Tasir-e-Suhbat

4. Moh. Awfi: Jawameul Hikayat: First Ten Hikayat

5. Ziauddin Burney: Tarikh-i-Firozshashi: Wasaya-i-Sultan Balban Be Farzand-e-Buzurg

6. Abul Fazl: Ain-e-Akbari: Ain-Khazina-i-Abadi

(ii) Ain-e-ShabistanA, Iqbal

(iii) Ain-e-Manzil Dar Yurisha

(iv) Ain-e-Cheragh Afrozi

7. Sadiq-i-Hedayat: (i) Dash Akul (ii) Girdab

8. Mohd. Hijazi: (i) Khudkushi (ii) Pezeshk-e-Chashm.

Poetry

1 Firadausi: Shahnama: Rustam-o-Sohrab

2 Khayyam: Rubaaiyat (Radif Alif and Be)

3 Saadi Shirazi: Bustun: Dar Adl-u-Tadbir-u-Rai

4 Amir Khusran: Majmua-i-Diwan-e-Khusran (Radif Dal)

5 Maulana Rum: Mathnawi Maanawi (First half of Daftar Duwwum)

6 Hafiz: (Radif Alif and Dal)

7 Urfi Shirazi: Qasaaid (i) Iqbal-e-Karam Migazad Arbabi-Himam Ra

(ii) Har Sukhta Jane Ki Ba Kashmir Dar Ayad.

(iii) Sabah-e-Idd Ke Dar Takiyagah-e-Naz-u-Naem.

8 Ghalib: Ghazaaliyat (Radif Alif)

9 Bahar Mashhadi: (i) Juoghd-e-Jung (ii) Sukoot-e-Sha1 (iii) Damawandiye (iv) Dukhtar-e-Basra

10 Furugh-e-Farrukhzad: (i) Dar Barabad-e-Khuda (ii) Diw:e-Shab

11 Nimayushij: (i) Qu (ii) Khar-Kan

Note: Textual portions of prose and poetry are to be explained in Persian compulsorily.