Unit I: Basic Concepts:
Society, community, association, institution. Culture-culture change, diffusion,
Cultural tag, Cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, acculturation.
Social Groups - Primary, secondary and reference groups.
Social structure, social system, social action.
Status and role, role conflict, role set.
Norms and values - conformity and deviance.
Law and customs.

Socio - cultural processes: Socialisation, assimilation, integration, co-operation, competition, conflict, accommodation, Social distance, relative deprivation.

Unit II: Marriage, Family and Kinship:
Marriage: Types and norms, marriage as contract, and as a sacrament.
Family: Types, functions and changes.
Kinships: Terms and usages, rules of residence, descent, inheritance.

Unit III: Social Stratification: Forms and functions; Caste and Class. Jajmani system, purity and pollution, dominant caste, sanskntisation.

Unit IV: Types of Society: Tribal, agrarian, industrial and post-industrial.

Unit V: Economy and Society: Man, nature and social production, economic systems of simple and complex societies, non-economic determinants of economic behaviour, market (free) economy and controlled (Planned) economy.

Unit VI: Industrial and Urban Society: Rural - Urban Continuum, urban growth and urbanisation - town, city and metropolis; basic features of industrial society; impact of automation on, society; industrialisation and environment.

Unit VII: Social Demography: Population size, growth, composition, and distribution in India; components of population growth - births, deaths and migration; causes and consequences of population growth; population and social development; population policy.

Unit VIII: Political Processes: Power, authority and legitimacy; political socialisation; pojitical modernisation, pressure groups; caste and politics.

Unit IX: Weaker Section and Minorities: Social justice - equal opportunity and special opportunity; protective discrimination; constitutional safeguards.

Unit X: Social Change: Theories of change; factors of change; science, technology and change. Social movements - Peasant Movement, Womens Movement, Backward Caste Movement, Dalit Movement.

Probability: Random experiment, sample space, event, algebra of events, probability on a discrete sample space, basic theorems of probability and simple examples based theorem, conditional probability of an event, independent events, Bayess theorem and its application, discrete and continuous random variables and their distributions, expectation, moments, moment generating function, joint distribution of two or more random variables, marginal and conditional distributions, independence of random variables, covariance, correlation, coefficient, distribution of a function of random variables, Bernoulli, binomial, geometric, negative binomial, hyper geometric, Poisson, multinomial, uniform, beta, exponential, gamma, Cauchy, normal, lognormal and bivariate normal distributions, real-life situations where these distributions provide appropriate models, Chebyshevs inequality, weak law of large numbers and central limit theorem for independent and identically distributed random variables with finite variance and their simple applications.

Statistical Methods: Concept of a statistical population and a sample, types of data, presentation and summarization of data, measure of central tendency, dispersion, skewness and kurtosis, measures of association and contingency, correlation, rank correlation, interclass correlation, correlation ratio, simple and multiple linear regression, multiple and partial correlations (involving three variables only), curve-fitting and principle of least squares, concepts of random sample, parameter and statistic, Z, X2, t and F statistics and their properties and applications, distributions of sample range and median (for continuous distribution only), censored sampling (concept and illustrations}.

Statistical Inference: Unbiasedness, consistency, efficiency, sufficiency, Completeness, minimum variance unbiased estimation, Rao-Blackwell theorem, Lehmann Scheffe theorem, Cramer-Rao inequality and minimum variance bound estimator, moments maximum likelihood, least squares and minimum chi-square methods of estimation, properties of maximum likelihood and other estimators, idea of a random interval, confidence intervals for the parameters of standard distributions, shortest confidence intervals, large-sample confidence intervals.

Simple and composite hypotheses, two kinds of errors, level of significance, size and power of a test, desirable properties of a good test, most powerful test, Neyman-Pearson lemma and its use in simple example, uniformly most powerful test, likelihood ratio test and its properties and applications.

Chi-square test, sign test, Wald-Wolfowitz runs test, run test for randomness, median test, Wilcoxon test and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitnev test.

Wais sequential probability ratio test, OC and ASN functions, application to binomial and normal distributions. Loss function, risk function, minimax and Bayes rules.

Sampling Theory and Design of Experiments: Complete enumeration vs. sampling, need for sampling, basic concepts in sampling, designing large-scale sample surveys, sampling and non-sampling errors, simple random sampling, properties of a good estimator, estimation of sample size, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling cluster sampling, ratio and regression methods of estimation under simple and stratified random sampling, double sampling for ratio and regression methods of estimation, two-stage sampling with equal-size first-stage units.

Analysis of variance with equal number of observations per cell in one, two and three-way classifications, analysis of convariance in one and two-way classifications, basic principles of experimental designs, completely randomized design, randomized block design, latin square design, missing plot technique, 2n factorial design, total and partial confounding, 32 factorial experiments, split-plot design and balanced incomplete block design.

I. Cell structure and function:
(a.) Prokaryote and eukaryote.
(b) Structure of animal cell, structure and functions of cell organelles.
(c) Cell cycle-mitosis, meiosis.
(d) Structure and contents of nucleus including nuclear membrane, structure of chromsome and gene, chemistry of genetic components.
(e) Mendels laws of inheritance, linkage and genetic recombination; cytoplasmic inheritance.
(f) Function of gene: replication, transcription and translation; mutations {spontaneous and artificial); Recombinant DNA: principle and application.
(g) Sex determination in Drosophila and man; sex linkage in man.

II. Systematics:
(a) Classification of non-chordates (up to sub-classes) and chordates (up to orders) giving general features and evolutionary relationship of the following phyla:
Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematheliminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, MoIIusca, Echinodermata, Minor Phyla (Bryozoa, Phoronida and Chaetognatha) and Hemichordata.

(b) Structure reproduction and life history of the following types: Amoeba, Monocystis, Plasmodium, Paramaecium, Sycon, Hydra, Obelia, Fasciola, Taenia, Ascaris, Neanthes, Pheretima, Hirudinia, Palaemon, Buthus, Periplaneta, Lamellidens, Pila, Asterias and Balanogtossus.

(c) Classification of chordates (up to orders), giving general features and evolutionary relationship of the following:
Protochordata; Agnatha; Gnathostomata-Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.

(d) Comparative functional anatomy of the following based on type animals (Scoliodon, Rana, Calotes, Columha and Oryctolagus): integrument and its derivatives, endoskeleton, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system including heart and aortic arches, urinogenital system; brain and sense organs (eye and ear); endocrine glands and other hormone producing structures, (Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) their function.

III. Vertebrate Physiology and Biochemistry:
(a) Chemical composition of protoplasm; nature and function of enzymes; vitamins, their sources and role; colloids and hydrogen ion concentration; biological oxidation, electron transport and role of ATP, energetics, glycolysis, citric acid cycle; vertebrate hormones: their type, sources and functions; pheromones and their role.
(b) Neuron and nerve impulse-conduction and transmission across synapses; neurotrasmitters and their role, including acetyl cholinesterase activity.
(c) Homeostasis; osmoregulation; active transport and ion pump.
(d) Composition of carbohydrates, fats, lipids and proteins; steroids.

IV. Embryology:
(a) Gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage; gastrulation in frog and chick
(b) Metamorphosis in frog and retrogressive metamorphosis in ascidian; extra-embryonic membranes in chick and mammal; placentation in mammals; Biogenetic law.

V. Evolution:
(a) Origin of life; principles, theories and evidences of evolution; species concept.
(b) Zoogeographical realms, insular fauna; geological eras.
(c) Evolution of man; evolutionary status of man..

VI. Ecology, Wildlife and Ethology:
(a) Abiotic and biotic factors; concept of ecosystem, food chain and energy flow; adaptation of aquatic, terrestrial and aerial fauna; intra-and inter¬specific animal relationships; environmental pollution: Types, sources, causes, control and prevention.
(b) Wildlife of India; endangered species of India; sanctuaries and national parks of India.
(c) Biological rhythms.

VII. Economic Zoology:
(a) Beneficial and harmful insects including insect vectors of human diseases.
(b) Industrial fish, prawn and molluscs of India.
(c) Non-poisonous and poisonous snakes of India.
(d) Venomous animals-centipede, wasp, honey bee.
(e) Diseases caused by aberrant chromosomes/genes in man; genetic counselling; DNA as a tool for forensic investigation.

The main Examination is intended to assess the overall intellectual traits and depth of understanding of candidates rather than merely the range of their information and memory.

The scope of the syllabus for the optional subject papers for the examination is broadly of the honours degree level i.e. a level higher than the bachelors degree and lower than the masters degree! In the case of Engineering and law, the level corresponds to the bachelors degree.

Compulsory Subjects
English And Indian Languages

The aim of the paper is to test the candidates ability to read and understand serious discursive prose, and to express his ideas clearly and correctly, in-English/Indian language concerned.

The pattern of questions would be broadly as follows:-
(i) Comprehension of given passages.
(li) Precis Writing.
(iii) Usage and Vocabulary.
(iv) Short Essav.

Indian Languages-
(i) Comprehension of given passages.
(li) Precis Writing
(iii) Usage and Vocabulary.
(iv) Short Essay.
(v) Translation from English to the Indian language and vice-versa.

Note l: The Papers on Indian languages and English will be of Matriculation or equivalent standard and will be of qualifying nature only. The marks obtained in these papers will not be counted for ranking.

Note 2: The candidates will have to answer the English and Indian Languages papers in English and the respective Indian Language (except where translation is involved).

Essay
Candidates will be required to write an essay on a specific topic. The choice of subjects will be given. They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in orderly fashion, and to write concisely. Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.

Total number of questions in the question papers of optional subjects will be eight. All questions will earn equal marks. Each paper will be divided into two parts, viz. Part A and Part B, each part containing four questions. Out of eight questions, five questions are tobe attempted.

One question in each part will be compulsory. Candidates will be required to answer three more questions out of the remaining six questions, taking at least one question from each part. In this way, at least two questions will be attempted from each part i.e. one compulsory question plus one more.

Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Climatic elements as factors of crop growth, impact of changing environment on cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans.

Cropping pattern in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of high-yielding and short duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. Concepts of multiple cropping, multistorey, relay and inter-cropping and their importance in relation to food production. Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibres, sugar and commercial and fodder crops grown during Kharif and Rabi seasons in different regions of the country.

Important features, scope and propagation of various types of forestry plantations, such as extension, social forestry, agro-forestry and natural , forests.

Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications; cultural, biological and chemical control of weeds.

Soil - physical, chemical and biologicai properties. Processes and factors of soil formation. Modern classification of Indian soils, Mineral and organic constituents of productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. Principles of soil fertility and its evaluation for judicious fertiliser use, integrated nutrient management. Losses of nitrogen in soil, nitrogen-use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Fixation of phosphorus and potassium in soils and the scope for their efficient use. Problem soils and their reclamation methods.

Soil conservation planning on watershed basis. Erosion and run off management in hilly, foot hills and valley lands; processes and factors affecting them. Dryland agriculture and its problems. Technology of stabilising agriculture production in rainfed agriculture area.

Water use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of water-iogged soils, quality of irrigation water, effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution.

Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum resources use and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems.

Marketing and pricing of agricultural inputs and outputs, price fluctuations and their cost; role of co-operatives in agricultural economy; types and systems of farming and factors, affecting them.
Agricultural extension, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes, socio-economics survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers; farm mechanization and its role in agricultural production .and rural employment. Training programmes for extension workers; lab-to-land programmes.

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1 Animal Nutrition - Energy sources, energy metabolism and requirements for maintenance and production of milk, meat, eggs and wool. Evaluation of feeds as sources of energy.

1.1 . Trends in protein nutrition: sources of protein metabolism and synthesis, protein quantity and quality in relation to requirements. Energy protein ratios in ration.

1.2 Minerals in animal diet: Sources, functions, requirements and their relationship of the basic minerals nutrients including trace elements.

1.3 Vitamins, Hormones and Growth Stimulating, substances: Sources, functions, requirements and inter-relationship with minerals.

1.4 Advances in Ruminant Nutrition - Dairy Cattle: Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to milk production and its composition. Nutrient requirements for calves, heifers, dry and milking cows and buffaloes. Limitations of various feeding systems.

1.5 Advances in Non-Ruminant Nutrition-Poultry-Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to poultry, meat and egg production, Nutrients requirements and feed formulation and broilers at different ages.

1.6 Advances in Non-Ruminant Nutrition-Swine-Nutrients and their metabolism with special reference to growth and quality of meat production. Nutrient requirement and feed formulation for baby-growing and finishing pigs.

1.7 Advances in Applied Animal Nutrition - A critical review and evaluation of feeding experiments, digestibility and balance studies. Feeding standards and measures of food energy. Nutrition requirements for growth, maintenance and production. Balanced rations.

2 Animal Physiology
2.1 Growth and Animal Production: Prenatal and postnatal growth, maturation, growth curves, measures of growth, factors affecting growth, conformation, body composition, meat quality.

2.2 Milk Production and Reproduction and Digestion: Current status of hormonal control of mammary development, milk secretion and milk ejection. Male and Female reproduction organ, their components and function. Digestive organs and their functions.

2.3 Environmental Physiology: Physiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of adaption environmental factors and regulatory mechanism involved in animal behaviour, methods of controlling climatic stress.

2.4 Semen quality: Preservation and Artificial Insemination-Components of semen, composition of spermatozoe, chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen, factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro. Factors affecting semen production and quality preservation, composition of diluents, sperm concentration, transport of diluted semen. Deep Freezing techniques in cows, sheep and goats, swin and poultry. Detection of oestrus and time of insemination for better conception.

3. Livestock Production and Management:
3.1 Cominercial Dairy Farming-Comparison of dairy farming in India with advanced countries. Dairying under mixed farming and as a specialised farming, economic dairy farming, Starting of dairy farm. Capital and land requirement, organisation of,- the dairy farm.
Procurement of goods; opportunities in dairy .farming, factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal, Herd recording, budgeting, cost of milk production; pricing policy; Personnel Management. Developing Practical and Economic ration for dairy -cattle; supply of greens throughout the year, field and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm, Feeding regimes for day and young stock and bulls, heifers and breeding animals, new trends in feeding young and adult stock; Feeding records.

3.2 Commercial meat, egg and wool production: Development of practical and economic rations for sheep, goats pigs, rabbits and poultry. Supply of greens, fodder, feeding regimens for young and mature stock. New trends in enhancing production and management. Capital and land requirements and socio-economic concept.

3.3 Feeding and management of animals under drought, flood and other natural calamities.

4. Genetics and Animal Breeding: Mitosis and Meiosis; Mendelian inheritance; deviations to Mendelian genetics; Expression of genes; Linkage and crossing over; Sex determination, sex influenced and sex limited characters; Blood groups and polymorphism; Chromosome aberrations; Gene and its structure; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic code and protein synthesis; Recombinant DNA technology, Mutations, types of mutations, methods for detecting mutations and mutation rate.

4.1 Population Genetics Applied to Animal Breeding: Quantitative Vs. qualitative traits; Hardy VVeinberg Law; Population Vs. individual; Gene and genotypic frequency; Forces changing gene frequency; Random drift and small populations; Theory of path coefficient; inbreeding, methods of estimating inbreeding coefficient, systems of inbreeding; Effective population size; Breeding value, estimation of breeding value, dominance and cpistatic deviation; partitioning of variation; Genotype X environment correlation and genotype X environment interaction; Role of multiple measurements; Resemblance between relatives.

4.2 Breeding System: Heritability, repeatability and genetic and phenotypic correlations, their methods of estimation and precision of estimates; Aids to selection and their relative merits; Individual, pedigree, family and within family selection; Progeny testing; Methods of selection; Construction of selection indices and their uses; Comparative evaluation of genetic gains through various selection methods; Indirect selection and Correlated response; Inbreeding, upgrading, cross-breeding and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of inbred lines for commercial production; Selection for general and specific combining ability; Breeding for threshold character.

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