1.1 Meaning and scope Anthropology

1.2 Relationship with other disciplines: History, Economics, Sociology, Psychology, Political Science, Life Science, Medical Science.

1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance
a) Social-cultural Anthropology
b) Physical and biological Anthropology
c) Archaeological Anthropology

1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of Man.
Organic Evolution - Theories of evolution in historical perspective, pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post- Darwinian period. Modern synthetic theory of evolution; brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Dolls rule, Copes rule, Gauses rule, Parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, mosaic evolution); Principles of systematic and taxonomy, major primate taxa, tertiary and quaternary fossil primates, Systematics of Hominoidea and Hominidae, Origin and evolution of man- Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.

1.5 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and distribution of the following:
a) Prepleistocence fossil primates-Orwpithecus.
b) South and East African hominids-Plesianthropus Australopithecus Africaus, Paranthropus, Australopithecus.
c) Paranthropus-Homo erectus-Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis.
d) Homo Heidelbergensis.
e) Neanderthal man-La-chapelle-aus-saints (Classical type), rnt. Carmelites types (Progressive type).
f) Rhodesian man
g) Homo sapiens-Cro Magnon, Grimaldi, Chancelede.
Recent advances in understanding the evolution, distribution and multidisciplinary approach to understand a fossil type in relation to others.

1.6 Evolutionary trend and classification of the order Primates, Relationship with other mammals, molecular evolution of Primates, Comparative anatomy of man and apes, primate locomotion; terrestrial and arboreal adaptation, skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications

1.7 Cultural Evolution-broad outlines of pre-historic cultures:
a) Paleolithic
b) Mesolithic
c) Neolithic
d) Chalcolithic
e) Copper-Bronze age
f) Iron age

2.1 Family- definition and typology of family, household and domestic groups. Basic structure and functions; stability and changes in family-Typological and processual approaches to the study of family, Impact of urbanization, industrialization, education and feminist movements. Universality of family- a critique.

2.2 Concept of kinship: Definition of kin, incest prohibition exogamy and endogamy- Principles of descent-types and functions. Political and jural aspects of kinship. Unilineal, bilateral and double descent. Descent, filiation and complementary filiation. Kinship terminology, typology and approaches to the study of terminology Alliance and descent.

2.3 Marriage- Definitions, types and variation of marriage systems. Debates on the universal definition of marriage. Regulation of marriage-preferential, prescriptive, proscriptive and open systems. Types and form of marriage Dowry, bride-price, pestation and marriage Dowry, bride price, pestation and marriage stability.

3.1 Study of culture, patterns and processes. Concept of culture, patterns of culture, relationships between culture and civilization and society.

3.2 Concept of Social Change and Cultural Change:

3.3 Social structure and social organization, Role-analysis and social network, institutions, groups community. Social stratifications: principles and form, status, class and power, gender. Nature and types of mobility.

3.4 Concept of Society.

3.5 Approaches to the study of culture and society-classical evolutionism, neo-evolutionism, culture ecology, historical particularism and diffusionism, structural-functionalism, culture and personality, transactions-alism, symbolism, cognitive approach and new ethnography, post structuralism and post modernism.

4.1 Definitions and functions of religion. Anthropological approaches to the study of religion-evolutionary, psychological and functional. Magic, witchcraft and sorcery; definitions and functions and functionaries: priest, saman, medicine man and sorcerers. Symbolism in religion and rituals. Ethnomedicine. Myths and rituals: definitions and approaches to their study-structural, functional and processual Relation with economic and political structures.

5.1 Meaning, scope and relevance, principles governing productions, distribution and consumption in communities subsisting on hunting-gathering, fishing, pastoralism, horticulture and other economic pursuits. Formalist and substantivist debate-Dalton, karlpolyanny and Marx approach and New Economic Anthropology. Exchange: Gifts, barter, trade, ceremonjal exchange .and market economy.

5.2 Theoretical foundations. Types of political organisations-band, tribe, chiefdom, state, concept of power, authority and legitimacy. Social control, law and justice in tribal and peasant societies.

6.1 Concepts of developmental anthropological perspective. Models of development. Critiques of classical developmental theories. Concepts of planning and planned development. Concepts of participatory development. Culture ecology and sustainable development. Displacement and rehabilitation.

7.1 Concept of research in anthropology, subjectivity and reflexivity in terms of gender class, ideology and ethics. Distinction between methodology, methods and techniques. Nature and explanation in anthropological research. Positivistics and non-positivistic approaches. Comparative methods; nature, purpose and methods of comparison in social and cultural anthropology. Basic techniques of data collection. Interview, participant and other forms of observation, schedules, questionnaire, case-study methods, extended case study methods, life histories and secondary sources, oral history, genealogical method, participatory, learning and assessment (PLA). Participatory rapid assessment (PRA). Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.

8.1 Concept, scope and major branches of human genetics. Its relationship with other branches of science and medicine.

8.2 Method for study of genetic principles in man-family study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal and karyotype analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.

8.3 Twin study method-zygosity, heritability estimates, present status of the twin study method and its applications.

8.4 Mendelian genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal, and polygenic inheritance in man.

8.5 Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law; causes and changes which bring down frequency-mutation, isolation, migration, selection, inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consangumeous mating, genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages (statistical and probability methods for study of human genetics).

8.6 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology.
a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders)
b) Sex chromosomal aberrations Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex, and other syndromic disorders.
c) Autosomal aberrations-Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes.
d) Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counselling, human DNA profiling, gene mapping and genome study.

8.7 Concept of race in historical and biological perspective. Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and metric characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial-classifications, racial differentiation and race-crossing in man.

8.8 Ethnic groups of mankind-characteristics and distributions in world, racia! classification of human groups. Principal living peoples of world. Their distribution and characteristics.

8.9 Age, sex and population variation in genetic marker-ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA, Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics-Hb level, body fat, pulse fate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio-economic groups. Impact of smoking air pollution, alcoholism, drugs and occupational hazards on health.

9.1 Concepts and Methods of Ecological Anthropology. Adaptation-social and cultural Deterministic thcories-a critique. Resources-biological and sustainable development. Biological additional-climatic, environmental, nutritional and genetic.

10.1 Relevance in understanding of contemporary society. Dynamics of ethnicity at rural, tribal, urban and international levels. Ethnic conflicts and political developments. Concept of ethnic boundaries. Ethnicity and concept of nation state.

11.1 Concept of human growth and development-stages of growth-prenatal, natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence. Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environmental, biochemical, nutritional, cultural and socioeconomic. Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations-biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.

12.1 Reproductive biology, Demography and population study. Reproductive physiology of male and female. Biological aspects of human fertility. Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility patterns and differentials.

12.2 Demographic Theory-biological, social and cultural.
12.3 Demographic Methods-census, registration system, sample methods, duel reporting system.
12-4 Population structures and population dynamics.
12.5 Demographic rates and ratios, life table-structure and utility.
12.6 Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and mortality.
12.7 Methods of studying population growth.
12.8 Biological consequences of population control and family welfare.
13.1 Anthropology of sports.
13.2 Nutritional Anthropology.
13.3 Anthropology in designing of defence and other equipments
13.4 Forensic Anthropology.
13.5 Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction.
13.6 Applied human gene tics-Paternity diagnosis genetic counselling and eugenics.
13.7 DNA technology-prevention and cure of diseases.
13.8 Anthropo-genetics in medicine.
13.9 Serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.
13.10 Application of statistical principles in human genetics and Physical Anthropology.

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1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology: Viruses, bacteria, and plasmids -structure and reproduction. General account of infection, Phytoimmunology. Applications of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine and pollution control in air, soil and water.

Important plant diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nematodes. Mode of infection and dissemination. Molecular basis of infection and disease resistance/defence. Physiology of parasitism and control measures. Fungal toxins.

2. Cryptograms: Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes-structure and reproduction from evolutionary viewpoint. Distribution of Cryptograms in India and their economic potential.

3. Phanerogams: Gymnosperms: Concept of Progy mo no sperms. Classification and distribution of Gymnosperms. Salient features of Cycadales, Coniferales and Gnetales, their structures and eproduction.
General account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordatitales.

Angiosperms: Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology and phylogeny.

Comparative account of various systems of Angiosperm Classification.
Study of angiospermic families - Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae (Cruci-ferae), Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceaie, Depterocarpaceae, Apiaceae (Umbellifeare), Asclepiadaceae,
Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Assteraceae (Composite), Poaceae (Gramineae), Arecaeae (Palmae), Liliaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae.

Stomata and their types. Anomalous secondary growth, Anatomy of C 3 and C 4 plants.

Development of male and female gametophy tes, Pollination, fertilization.
Endosperm-its development and function. Patterns of embryo development. Polyembryony, apoximix. Applications of palynoiogy.

4. Plant Utility and Exploitation: Origin of cultivated plants, Vavilovs centres of origin. Plants as sources for food, fodder, fibbers, spices, beverages, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums, resins and dyes. Latex, cellulose Starch and their products. Perfumery. Importance of EthnoBotany in Indian context. Energy plantation. Botanical Gardens and Herbaria.

5. Morphogenesis: Totipotency, polarity, symmetry and differentiation. Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture. Somatic hybrids and Cybrids.

Cell Bit logy: Techniques of Cell Biology Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells -structural and ultarastructural details. Structure and functions of extracellar matrix or ECM (cell wall) and membranes-cell adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular transport. Structure and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, endosomes, lysosomes, Peroxisomes, hydrogenosome). Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore complex. Chromatin and nucleosome. Cell signalling and cell receptors. Signal transduction (G-l proteins, etc). Mitosis and meiosis; molecular basis of cell cycle. Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their significance. Study of polytence. Study of polytene, Iampbrush and B-chromosomes-structure, behaviour and significance.

2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution: Development of genetics, and gene versus allele cpncepts (Pseudoalleles). Quantitative genetics and multiple factors. Linkage and crossing over-methods of gene mapping including molecular maps (idea of mapping function). Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance sex determination and molecular basis of sex differentiation. Mutation (biochemical and molecular basis). Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of male sterility). Prions and prion hypothesis.

Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. Genetic code and regulation of gene expression. Muitigene families.

Organic evolution-evidences, mechanism and theories. Role of RNA in origin and evolution.

3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics: Methods of plant breeding-introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk method). Male sterility and heterosis breeding. Use of apomixis in plant breeding. Micropropagation and genetic engineering-methods of transfer of genes and transgenic crops; development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding.

Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV). Tests of significance (Z-test, t-test and chi-square tests). Probability and distributions (normal, binomial and Poisson distributions). Correlation and regression.

4. Physiology and Biochemistry: Water relations, Mineral nutrition and ion transport, mineral deficiencies. Photosynthesis-photochemical reactions. Photophosphorylation and carbon pathways including C pathway (photorespiration), C, C and CAM path ways. Respiration (anaerobic and aerobic, including fermentation-electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis. Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism. Enzymes, co-enzymes, energy transfer and energy conservation. Importance of secondary metabolites. Pigments as photo receptors (plastidial pigments and phytochrome). Photoperiodism and flowering, vernalization, senescence.

Growth substances-their chemical nature, role and applications in agri-horticuiture, growth indices, growth movements. Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal). Fruitand seed physiology. Dormancy, storage and germination of seed. Fruit ripening-its molecular basis and manipulation.

5. Ecology and Plant Geography: Ecological factors. Concepts and dynamics of community. Plant succession. Concepts of biosphere. Ecosystems and their conservation. Pollution and its control (including phytoremediation).

Forest types of India-afforestation, deforestation and social forestry. Endangered plants, endemism and Red Data Books. Biodiversity. Convention of Biological Diversity, Sovereign Rights and Intellectual Property Rights. Biogeochemical cycles. Global warming.

1. . Atomic structure: Quantum theory, Heisenbergs uncertainty principle,
Schrodinger wave equation (time independent). Interpretation of wave function, particle in one-dimensional box, quantum numbers, hydrogen atom wave functions. Shapes of s, p and d orbitals.

2. Chemical bonding: Ionic bond, characteristics of ionic compounds, factors affecting stability of ionic compounds, lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle; covalent bond and its general characteristics, polarities of bonds in molecules and their dipole moments. Valence bond theory, concept of resonance and resonance energy. Molecular orbital theory. (LCAO method); bonding in homonuciear molecules: H2+, H2 to N«,, NO, CO HF, CN, BeH2 and CO2. Comparison of valence bond and molecular orbital theories, bond order, bond strength and bond length.

3. Solid State: Forms of solids, law of constancy of inters facial angles, crystal systems and crystal classes (crystallographic groups). Designation of crvstal faces, lattice structures and unit cell. Laws of rational indices. Braggs law. X-ray diffraction by crystals. Close packing, radius ratio rules, calculation of same limiting radius ratio values. Structures of NaCl, ZnS, CsCl, CaF2, Cdl2 and rutile. Imperfections in crystals, stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects, impurity defects, semi¬conductors. Elementary study of liquid crystals.

4. The gaseous state: Equation of state for real gases, intermolecular interactions, liquefication of gases and critical phenomena, Maxwells distribution of speeds, intermolecular collisions, collisions on the wall and effusion.

5. Thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics: Thermodynamic systems, states and processes, work, heat and internal energy; first law of thermodynamics, work done on the systems and heat absorbed in different types of processes; calorimetry, energy and enthalpy changes in various processes and their temperature dependence.

Second law of thermodynamics; entropy as a state function, entropy changes in various process, entropy-reversibility and irreversibility, free energy functions; criteria for equilibrium, relation between equilibrium constant and thermodynamic quantities; Nemst heat theorem and third law of thermodynamics.
Micro and macro states; canonical ensemble and canonical partition function; electronic, rotational and vibrational partition functions and thermodynamic quantities; chemical equilibrium in ideal gas reactions.

6. Phase equilibria and solutions: Phase equilibria in pure substances; Clausius-Clapeyron equation; phase diagram for a pure substance; phase equilibria in binary systems, partially miscible liquids-upper and lower critical solution temperatures; partial molar quantities, their significance and determination; excess thermodynamic functions and their determination.

7. Electrochemistry: Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes and Debye-Huckel limiting Law for various equilibrium and transport properties.

Galvanic cells, concentration cells; electrochemical series, measurement of e.m.f. of cells and its applications fuel cells and batteries. Processes at electrodes; double layer at the interface; rate of charge transfer, current density; overpotential; electroanalytical techniques- voltametery, polarography, amperometry, cyctic-voltametry, ion selective electrodes and their use.

8. Chemical kinetics:- Concentration dependence of rate of reaction; differential and integral rate equations for zeroth, first, second and fractional order reactions. Rate equation-involving reverse, parallel, consecutive and chain reactions; effect of temperature and pressure on rate constant. Study of fast reactions by stop-flow and relaxation methods. Collisions and transition state theories.

9. Photochemistry: Absorption of light; decay of excited state by different routes; photochemical reactions between hydrogen and halogens and their quantum yields.

10. Surface phenomena and catalysis: Adsorption from gages and solutions on solid adsorbents, adsorption isotherms-Langmuir and.B.E.T. isotherms; determination of surface area, characteristics and mechanism of reaction on heterogeneous catalysts.

11. Bio-inorganic chemistry: Metal ions in biological systems and their role in ion-transport across the membranes (molecular mechanism), ionophores, photosynthesis-PSI, PSII; nitrogen fixation, oxygen-uptake proteins, cytochromes and ferredoxins.

12. Coordination chemistry:
(a) Electronic configurations; introduction to theories of bonding in transition metal complexes. Valence bonds theory, crystal field theory and its modifications; application of theories in the explanation of magnetism and electronic spectra of metal complexes.
(b) Isomerism in coordination compounds. IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds; stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers; chalet effect and polynuclear complexes; trans effect and its theories; kinetics of substitution reactions in square-planar complexes; thermodynamic and kinetic stability of complexes.
(c) Synthesis and structures of metal carbonyls; carboxylate anions, carbonyl hydrides and metal nitrosyl compounds..
(d) Complexes with aromatic systems, synthesis, structure and bonding in metai olefin complexes, alkyne complexes and cyclopentadienyl complexes; coordmative unsaturation, oxidative addition reactions, insertion reactions, fluxional molecules and their characterization. Compounds with metal-metal bonds and metal atom clusters.

13. General Chemistry of T block elements
Lanthanides and actinides; separation, oxidation states, magnetic and spectral properties; lanthanide contraction.

14. Non-Aqueous Solvents
Reactions in liquid NH3, HF, SO2 and H2SO4.
Failure of solvent system concept, coordination model of non-aqueous solvents. Some highly acidic media, fluorosulphuric acid and super acids.

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Part-A: Engineering Mechanics, Strength of Materials and Structural analysis.

Engineering Mechanics: Units and Dimensions, SI Units, Vectors, Concept of Force, Concept of particle and rigid body. Concurrent, Non-concurrent and parallel forces in a plane, moment of force and Varignons theorem, free body diagram, conditions of equilibrium, Principle of virtual work, equivalent force system.

First and Second Moment of area, Mass moment of Inertia. Static Friction, Inclined Plane and bearings. Kinematics and Kinetics: Kinematics in Cartesian and Polar Co-ordinates, morion under uniform and non-uniform acceleration, motion under gravity. Kinetics of particle: Momentum and Energy principles, D Alemberts Principle, Collision of elastic bodies, rotation of rigid bodies, simple harmonic motion, Flywheel.

Strength of Materials: Simple Stress and Strain, Elastic constants, axially loaded compression members, Shear force and bending moment, theory of simple bending, Shear Stress distribution across cross-sections, Beams of uniform strength, Leaf spring. Strain Energy in direct stress, bending & shear.

Deflection of beams: Mecaulays method, Mohrs Moment area method, Conjugate beam method, unit load method. Torsion of Shafts, Transmission of power, close coiled helical springs, Elastic stability of columns, Eulers Rankines and Secant formulae. Principal Stresses and Strains in two dimensions, Mohrs Circle, theories of Elastic Failure, thin and thick cylinder: Stresses due to internal and external pressure-Lames equations.

Structural Analysis: Castiglianios theorems I, and Ti, unit load method of consistent deformation applied to beams and pin jointed trusses. Slope-deflection, moment distribution, Kanis method of analysis and column Analogy method applied to indeterminate beams and rigid frames.

Rolling loads and Influences lines: Influences lines for Shear Force and Bending moment at a section of beam. Criteria for maximum shear force and bending Moment in beams traversed by a system of moving loads. Influences lines for simply supported plane pin jointed trusses.

Arches: Three hinged, two hinged and fixed arches, rib shortening and temperature effects, influence lines in arches.

Matrix methods of analysis: Force method and displacement method of analysis of indeterminate beams and rigid frames. Plastic Analysis of beams and fames: Theory of plastic bending, plastic analysis, statical method, Mechanism method.

Unisymmetrial bending-Moment of inertia, product of inertia, position of Neutral Axis and Principle axes, calculation of bending stresses.

Part-B: Design of Structures: Steel, Concrete and Masonry structures. Structural steel Design:
Structural Steel: Factors of safety and load factors. Riveted, bolted and welded joints and connections. Design of tension and compression member, beams of built up section, riveted and welded plate girders, gantry girders, stanchions with battens and lacings, slab and gusseted column bases. Design of highway and railway bridges: Through and deck type plate girder, Warren girder, Pratt truss.

Design of Concrete and Masonry Structures: Concept of mix design. Reinforced concrete: Working Stress and Limit State method of design-Recommendations of l.S. codes of one way and two way slabs, staircase slabs, simple and continuous beams of rectangular, T and L sections. Compression members under direct load with or without eccentricity, Isolated and combined footings.

Cantilever and Counter for type retaining walls.

Water tanks: Design requirements for Rectangular and circular tanks resting on ground.

Prestressed concrete: Methods and systems of prestressing, anchorages, Analysis and design of sections for flexure based on working stress, loss of prestress. Design of brick masonry as per I. S. codes Design of masonry retaining walls.

Part-C: Fluid mechanics, Open Channel Flow and Hydraulic Machines
Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties and their role in fluid motion, fluid statics including forces acting on plane and curve surfaces. Kinematics and Dynamics of Fluid flow: Velocity and accelerations, stream lines, equation of continuity, irrotational and rotational flow, velocity potential and stream functions, flownet, methods of drawing flownet, sources and sinks, flow separation, free and forced vortices.

Control volume equation, continuity, momentum, energy and moment of momentum equations from control volume equation, Navier-Stokes equation, Eulers equation of motion, application to fluid flow problems, pipe flow, plane, curved, stationary and moving vanes, sluice gates, weirs, orifice meters and Venturi meters.

Dimensional Analysis and Similitude: Buckinghams Pi-theorem, ,dimensionless parameters, similitude theory, model laws, undistorted and distorted models.

Laminar Flow: Laminar flow between parallel, stationary and moving plates, flow through tube.

Boundary layer: Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, laminar sublayer, smooth and rough boundaries, drag and lift.

Turbulent flow through pipes: Characteristics of turbulent flow, velocity distribution and variation of pipe friction factor, hydraulic grade line and total energy line, siphons, expansion and contractions in pipes, pipe networks, water hammer in pipes and surge tanks.

Open channel flow: Uniform and non-uniform flows, momentum and energy correction factors, specific energy and specific force, critical depth, resistance equations and variation of roughness coefficient, rapidly varied flow, flow in contractions, flow at sudden drop, hydraulic jump and its applications surges and waves, gradually varied flow, classification of surface profiles, control section, step method of integration of varied flow equation, moving surges and hydraulic bore.

(c) Hydraulic Machines and Hydropower; Centrifugal pumps-Types, characteristics, Net Positive Suction Height (NPSH), specific speed. Pumps in parallel.

Reciprocating pumps, Airvessels, Hydraulic ram, efficiency parameters, Rotary and positive displacement pumps, diaphragm and jet pumps.

Hydraulic turbines, types classification, Choice of turbines, performance parameters, controls, characteristics, specific speed.

Principles of hydropower development. Type; layouts and Component works. Surge tanks, types and choice. Flow .duration curves and dependable flow. Storage an pondage. Pumped storage plants. Special features of mini, micro-hydel plants.

Part-D: Geo-Technical Engineering
Types of soil, phase relationships, consistency limits particles size distribution, classifications of soil, structure and clay mineralogy.

Capillary water and structural water, effective stress and pore water pressure, Darcys Law, factors affecting permeability, determination of permeability, permeability of stratified soil deposits.

Seepage pressure, quick sand condition, compressibility and consolidation, Terzaghis theory of one-dimensional consolidation, consolidation test.

Compaction of soil, field control of compaction. Total stress and effective stress parameters, pore pressure coefficients.

Shear strength of soils, Mohr Coulomb failure theory, Shear tests.

Earth pressure at rest, active and passive pressures, Rankines theory, Coulombs wedge theory, earth pressure on retaining wall, sheetpile walls, Braced excavation. Bearing capacity, Terzaghi and other important theories, net and gross bearing pressure.immediate and consolidation settlement. Stability of slope, Total Stress and Effective Stress methods, Conventional methods of slices, stability number.
Subsurface exploration, methods of boring, sampling, perpetration tests, pressure meter tests.

Essential features of foundation, types of foundation, design criteria, choice of type of foundation, stress distribution in soils, Boussinessqs theory, Newmarkss chart, pressure bulb, contact pressure, applicability of different bearing capacity theories, evaluation of -bearing capacity from field tests, allowable bearing capacity, Settlement analysis, allowable settlement.

Proportioning of footing, isolated and combined footings, rafts, buoyancy rafts, Pile foundation, types of piles, pile capacity, static and dynamic analysis, design of pile groups, pile load test, settlement of piles, lateral capacity. Foundation for Bridges. Ground improvement techniques-preloading, sand drains, stone column, grouting, soil stabilisation.

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Accounting & Finance

Financial Accounting

Accounting as a financial information system; Impact of behavioural science. Accounting Standards e.g., accounting for depreciation, inventories, gratuity, research and development costs, long term construction contracts, revenue recognition, fixed assets, contingencies, foreign exchange transactions, investments and government grants.

Advanced problems of company accounts. Amalgamation absorption and reconstruction of companies. Valuation of shares and goodwill.

Cost Accounting
Nature and functions of cost accounting.
Job Costing.
Process Costing.
Marginal Costing; Techniques of segregating semi-variable costs into fixed and variable costs.
Cost-volume-profit relationship; aid to decision making including pricing decisions, shutdown etc.
Techniques of cost control and cost reduction.
Budgetary control, flexible budgets.
Standard costing and variance analysis.
Responsibility accounting, investment, profit and cost centres.

Taxation
Definitions
Basis of charge.
Incomes which do not form part of total income.
Simple problems of computation of income under various heads, i.e., salaries, income from house property, profits and gains from business or profession, capital gains, income of other persons included in assessees total income.
Aggregation of income and set off/carry forward of loss.
Deductions to be rhade in computing total income.

Auditing
Audit of cash transactions, expenses, incomes, purchases, sales.
Valuation and verification of assets with special reference to fixed assets, stocks and debts.
Verification of liabilities.
Audit of limited companies; appointment, removal, powers, duties and liabilities of company auditor, significance of true and fare, MAOCARO report.
Auditors report and qualifications therein. Special points in the audit of different organisations like clubs, hospitals, colleges, charitable societies.

Part - II: Business Finance and Financial Institutions
Finance Function - Nature, Scope and Objectives of Financial Management -Risk and Return relationship.
Financial Analysis as a Diagnostic Tool.

Management of Working Capital and its Components - Forecasting working capital needs, inventory, debtors cash and credit management.

Investment Decisions - Nature and Scope of Capital Budgeting - Various types of decisions including Make or Buy and Lease or Buy - Techniques of Appraisal and their application-Consideration of Risk and Uncertainty - Analysis of Non-financial Aspects.

Rate of Return on Investments - Required Rate of Return - its measurement - Cost of Capital - Weighted Average Cost - Different Weights.

Concepts of Valuation - Valuation of firms Fixed Income Securities and Common Stocks.

Dividend and Retention Policy - Residual Theory or Dividend Policy - Other Models - Actual Practices.

Capital Structure - Leverages - Significance of Leverages - Theories of Capital Structure with special reference to Modighani and Miller approach. Planning the Capital Structure of a Cojmpany; EBIT-EPS Analysis, Cash-flow ability to service debt, Capital Structure Ratios, other methods.

Raising finance - Short term and long term. Bank finance - norm* and conditions.

Financial Distress - Approaching BIFR under Sick Industrial Undertakings Act: Concept of Sickness, Potential Sickness, Cash Loss, Erosion of Networth.

Money Markets - The purpose of Money Markets, Money Market in India -Organization and working of Capital markets in India - Organization, Structure and Role of Financial Institutions in India. Banks and Investing Institutions - National and International Financial Institutions - their norms and types,of financial assistance provided - Inter-bank Lending-its regulation, supervision and control. System of Consortium - Supervision and regulation of banks.
Monetary and Credit policy of Reserve Bank of India.

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1. Ricardian, Marshallian and Walrasain approaches to price determination. Types of Markets and price determination. Criteria orWelfare improvement. Alternate theories of distribution.

2. Functions of money - Measurement of price level changes - Money and real balances - Monetary standards - High - powered money and the Quantity theory of money, its variants and critiques thereof - Demand for and supply of money - The money multiplier. Theories of determination of interest rate - Interest and prices - Theories of inflation and control of inflation.

3. Full employment and Says Law - underemployment equilibrium -Keynes Theory of employment (and income) determination - Critiques of Keynesian Theory.

4. The modern monetary system - Banks, non-bank financial intermediaries, Discount House, and Central Bank. Structure of Money and financial markets and control. Money market instruments, bills and bonds. Real and nominal interest rates. Goals and instruments of monetary management in closed and open economies. Relation between the Central Bank and the Treasury. Proposal for ceiling on growth rate of money.

5. Public finance and its role in market economy in stabilisation, supply stability, allocative efficiency, distribution and development. Sources of revenue - Forms of Taxes and subsidies, their incidence and effects; Limits to taxation, loans, crowding - out effects, and limits to borrowing. Types of budget deficits - Public expenditure and its effects.

6. International Economics
(i) Old and New theories of International Trade.
a) Comparative advantage, Terms of trade and offer curve.
b) Product cycle and Strategic trade theories.
c) Trade as an engine of growth and theories of underdevelopment in an open economy.

(ii) Forms of protection.
(iii) Balance of Payments Adjustments: Alternative Approaches
a) Price versus income, income adjustments under fixed exchange rates.
b) Theories of policy mix.
c) Exchange rate adjustments under capital mobility.
d) Floating Rates and their implications for developing countries; Currency Boards.

(iv) (a) IMF and the World Bank.
(b) W.T.O.
(c) Trade Blocks and monetary unions.

7. Growth and development.
(i) Theories of growth: Classical and neo-classical theories; The Harrod model; economic development under surplus Labour; wage-goods as a constraint on growth; relative importance of physical and human capitals in growth; innovations and development; Productivity, its growth and source of changes thereof. Factors determining savings to income ratio and the capital-out put ratio.

(ii) Main features of growth: Changes in Sectoral compositions of income; Changes in occupational distribution; changes in income distribution; changes in consumption levels and patterns; changes in savings and investment and in pattern of investment. Case for and against industralization. Significance of agriculture in developing countries.

(iii) Relation between state, planning and growth, Changing roles of market and plans in growth economic policy and growth.

(iv) Role of foreign capital and technology in growth. The significance of multinationals.

(v) Welfare indicators and measures of growth - Human development indices - The basic needs approach.

(vi) Concept of sustainable development; convergence of levels of living of developed and developing countries; meaning of self-reliance in growth and development.

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Electrical Circuits-Theory and Applications: Circuit components; network graphs; KCL, KVL; circuit analysis methods: nodal analysis, mesh analysis; basis network theorems and applications; transient analysis: RL, RC and RLC circuits; sinusoidal steady state analysis; resonant circuits and applications; coupled circuits and applications; balanced 3-phase circuits. Two-port networks, driving point and transfer functions; poles and zeros of network functions. Elements of network synthesis. Filter-theory: design and applications. Active filters. Circuit simulation: Input formats; methods of education formulation; solution of equations; output formats; SPICE.

Signals & Systems: Representation of continuous-time and discrete-time signals & systems; LTI systems; convolution; impulse response; time domain analysis of LTI systems based on convolution and differential/ difference equations. Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform, Transfer function. Sampling and recovery of signals DFT, FFT prossing of analog signals through discrete-time systems.

E.M. Theory: Maxwells equations, wave propagation in bounded media. Boundary conditions, reflection and refraction of plane waves. Transmission line: Distributed parameter circuits, Travelling and standing waves, impedance matching, Smith chart. Waveguides: parallel plane guide, TE, TM and TEM waves, rectangular and cylindrical wave guides, resonators, Planar transmission lines; stripline, microstripline.

Analog Electronics: Characteristics and equivalent circuits (large and small-signal) of Diode, BJT, JFET and MOSFET. Diode, circuits clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability. FET amplifiers. Current mirror; Amplifiers: single and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback and power. Analysis of amplifiers; frequency-response of amplifiers. OPAMP circuits. Filters; sinusoidal oscillators: criterion for oscillation; single transistor and OPAMP configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits. Power Supplies.

Digital Electronics: Boolean algebra; minimisation of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational circuits: arithmetic circuits code converters, multiplexers and decoders. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers.
Comparators, timers, multivibrators. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs and DACs. Semiconductor memories. Logic implementation using programmable devices (ROM, PL A, FPGA).

Energy Conversion: Principles of electromechanical energy conversion: Torque and e.m.f. in rotating machines. DC machines: characteristics and performance analysis; starting and speed control of motors.

Transformers: principles of operation and analysis; regulation, efficiency; 3-phase transformers. 3-phase induction machines and synchronous machines: Characteristics and performance analysis; speed control. Special machines: Stepper motors, brushless DC motors, permanent magnet motors single-phase motors; FHP.

Power Electronics and Electric Drives: Semiconductor power devices: diode, transistor, thyristor, triac, GTO and MOSFET-static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters; fully-con trolled and half-controlled; principles of thyristor choppers and inverters; basic concepts of speed control of dc and a. c. motor drives.
Applications of variable-speed drives.

Analog Communication: Random variables: continuous, discrete; probability, probability functions. Statistical averages; probability models; Random signals and noise; white noise, noise equivalent bandwidth; signal transmission with noise; single to noise ratio. Linear CW modulation: Amplitude modulation: DSB, DSB-SC and SSB. Modulators and Demodulators; Phase and frequency modulation: PM & FM signals; narrowband FM; generation & detection of FM and PM, Deemphasis, Pre-emphasis. CW modulation system: Superheterodyne receivers, AM receivers, communication receivers, FM receivers, phase locked loop, SSB receiver. Signal to noise ratio calculation for AM and FM receivers.

Microwaves and Antenna: Electromagnetic radiation, Propagation of waves: ground waves, sky wave, space wave, tropospheric scatter propagation. Extraterrestrial communications. Antenna: Various types, gain, resistance, bandwidth, beam-width and polarization, effect of ground. Antenna coupling; high frequency antennas; microwave antennas; special purpose antennas. Microwave Services: Klystron, magnetron, TWT, gun diodes, Impatt, Bipolar and FETs, Microwave integrated circuits. Microwave measurements.

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